The design of Smart Energy Systems for 100% renewable energy and transport solutions

In this paper we launch the design of Smart Energy Systems through the 100% renewable energy system analyses and research behind the CEESA research project. The transition from fossil fuels towards the integration of more and more renewable energy requires rethinking and redesign of the energy system. Traditionally a lot of focus internationally is put on the electricity sector to solve the integration puzzle focusing on electricity storage technologies e.g. batteries, hydrogen storage and on (electricity) smart grids. In Smart Energy Systems the focus is integration of the electricity, heating and transport sectors, and on using the flexibility in demands and various short term and longer term storage in the different sectors. Such a redesign also entails that the Smart Energy System is comprised of a number of smart grid infrastructures for different sectors in the energy system, i.e. the electricity grids, district heating (cooling) grids, gas grids and fuel infrastructure