A plant cell wall-associated kinase encoding gene is dramatically downregulated during nematode infection of potato

Plant cell wall associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) have been increasingly recognized as important regulators of plant immunity against various plant pathogens. However, the role of the WAK/WAKL family in plant-nematode interactions remains to be determined. Here, we analyzed a WAK-encoding gene (Soltu.DM.02G029720.1) from potato (Solanum tuberosum). The Soltu.DM.02G029720.1 encoded protein contains domains characteristic of WAK/WAKL proteins and shows the highest similarity to SlWAKL2 from tomato (S. lycopersicum). We thus named the gene as StWAKL2. Phylogenetic analysis of a wide range of plant WAKs/WAKLs further revealed close similarity of StWAKL2 to three WAK/WAKL proteins demonstrated to play a role in disease resistance. To gain insights into the potential regulation and function of StWAKL2, transgenic potato lines containing the StWAKL2 promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were generated and used to investigate StWAKL2 expression during plant development and upon nematode infection. Histochemical analyses revealed that StWAKL2 has specific expression patterns in potato leaf and root tissues. During nematode infection, GUS activity was mostly undetected at nematode infection sites over the course of nematode parasitism, although strong GUS activity was observed in root tissues adjacent to the infection region. Furthermore, mining of the transcriptomic data derived from cyst nematode infection of Arabidopsis roots identified a few WAK/WAKL genes, including a StWAKL2 homologue, found to be significantly down-regulated in nematode-induced feeding sites. These results indicated that specific suppression of WAK/WAKL genes in nematode-induced feeding sites might be crucial for cyst nematodes to achieve successful infection of host plants. Further studies are needed to uncover the role of WAK/WAKL genes in plant defenses against nematode infection