Documenting the diversity of the Namibian Ju|’hoansi intestinal microbiome

Summary: We investigate the bacterial and fungal composition and functionality of the Ju|’hoansi intestinal microbiome (IM). The Juǀʼhoansi are a hunter-gatherer community residing in northeastern Namibia. They formerly subsisted by hunting and gathering but have been increasingly exposed to industrial dietary sources, medicines, and lifestyle features. They present an opportunity to study the evolution of the human IM in situ, from a predominantly hunter-gatherer to an increasingly Western urban-forager-farmer lifestyle. Their bacterial IM resembles that of typical hunter-gatherers, being enriched for genera such as Prevotella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Succinivibrio, and Treponema. Fungal IM inhabitants include animal pathogens and plant saprotrophs such as Fusarium, Issatchenkia, and Panellus. Our results suggest that diet and culture exert a greater influence on Ju|’hoansi IM composition than age, self-identified biological sex, and medical history. The Ju|’hoansi exhibit a unique core IM composition that diverges from the core IMs of other populations