Optimalitas Rute pada Pengiriman Multiperjalanan dengan Armada Kendaraan Listrik Heterogen

Electric vehicles are emerging as a key trend in sustainable mobility, mitigating emissions, and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The challenge in optimizing route modeling lies in some limitations, such as battery range, charging time, and the diversity of electric vehicle types. This article explores the optimality of routes in a multiple-trip distribution system using a heterogeneous fleet of electric vehicles. The electric vehicle routing problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming aiming to find the most cost-efficient optimal route. A notable feature of the model allows electric vehicle fleets to undertake additional travel to complete distribution tasks, i.e., multiple trips. The model is implemented in two illustrative examples involving the delivery of goods using homogeneous and heterogeneous electric vehicle fleets characterized by loading and battery capacities. Each case includes one depot, 8 and 10 customers, and 2 battery swapping stations, solved using the branch-and-bound method through Lingo 18.0. Simulation results indicate that battery capacity and the presence of battery swapping stations significantly influence the routes selection