Вишедимензионални приступ у изучавању играња ватерпола

Nowadays, the ability to change swimming styles and body positions, involving continuous shifting from horizontal to vertical posture and performing jumps, as well as technical skills and tactical behaviour of players, play a fundamental role in water polo performance. To face with these demands, the coaching staff of elite and sub-elite water polo clubs might adopt a variety of training methods, also based on their specific coaching philosophies. A multidimensional approach based on the understanding of the coaches' national coaching philosophy integrated by the individuals and collective tactical assessment, monitoring of players' workload and recovery status, could positively affect the coaching staff's analysis and interpretation of water polo performance. The aim of this PhD dissertation was to investigate on water polo performance by establishing an ecological and multidimensional approach to the physical monitoring and technical-tactical evaluation of water polo players. This research included cross-sectional and longitudinal observational designs with the application of questionnaires and match analysis tools. Data collection took place in three steps, making four different studies and testing five different hypotheses. The first part of this dissertation investigated on national water polo coaching schools, the second part on the use of Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) instrument to analyse the technical and tactical performance, while the third part focused on the monitoring of players match loads. Analytical and basic descriptive, univariable, and multivariable statistical methods have been used as the main tools for cognitive reasoning and qualitative defining of the investigated phenomena. In the study 1 the purpose was to survey 40 head coaches of three important national water polo schools (Italy, Greece, and Serbia) to identify and compare their coaching philosophies and training methodologies. The survey was based on five sections (Technical staff composition, Team roster, Weekly periodization, Testing and monitoring, Tactics and strategies). By means of detailed descriptive statistic, the study gave interesting information on how 40 high-ranking elite and sub-elite teams of different national championships organize their training during a typical week of the competitive season. The aim of the study 2 was to provide an analysis of offensive actions, by means of the Team Sport Assessment Procedure (TSAP) of the first four youth national teams during the 20th FINA Junior Water Polo World Championships. Twenty-nine elite youth (U20) water polo matches, involving the national teams of Greece (n= 7), Serbia (n= 7), Italy (n= 7) and Croatia (n= 8) were selected for the analysis. The TSAP included: i) two indicators of gaining possession of the ball; ii) four indicators of disposing the ball. Using these indicators, the following indexes of technical performance were computed: Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS). The field was divided in twelve zones. The one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences between teams for all parameters (p>0.05), except that for Offensive Balls (OB) and Successful Shots (SS) occurred in specific zones of the field: for OB significant differences were found in zone 1 (p= .019), in zone 2 (p= .014) and in zone 5 (p= .007); for SS significant differences were found in zone 1 (p= .026) and in zone 2 (p= .008). The aim of the study 3 was to use the same instrument (TSAP) to give a technical and tactical analysis of offensive phases in an Italian elite senior water polo team, playing in the Italian First League championship during the season 2021-22 (19 matches). Using the same indicators of the study 2, Volume of Play (VP), Efficiency Index (EI) and Performance Score (PS) indexes were computed for each player of the roster (n= 15). The multiple linear regression showed a significant association for playing position and VP and PS. Perimetral players showed the highest VP (65%) and PS (66%) values, center defenders the highest values of CB (30%), while center forwards gained the highest amount of exclusion handling the ball (48%). The study 4 aimed to investigate the effects of playing positions and contextual factors (match outcome, final score difference, match location, travel duration, number of scored and conceded goals) on the internal match load, players’ perceived recovery and players’ well-being. The session-RPE (s-RPE), Perceived Recovery Scale (PRS) and Hooper Index (HI) of 17 male elite water polo players were monitored during all matches (regular season and play-out) of the 2021-22 Italian Serie A1 championship...Sposobnost promene načina plivanja i položaja tela, uključujući kontinuirano prebacivanje iz horizontalnog u vertikalni položaj i izvođenje skokova, kao i tehničke veštine i taktičko ponašanje igrača, imaju fundamentalnu ulogu u odnosu na realizaciju vaterpolo performanse. Da bi se suočili sa ovim zahtevima, treneri vaterpolo klubova moraju usvojiti znanja u odnosu na različite metode treninga, koja su u odredjenom stepenu zasnovana na njihovoj specifičnoj trenerskoj filozofiji. Višedimenzionalni pristup trenažnog rada zasnovan na razumevanju nacionalne trenerske filozofije koju integrišu pojedinci ali i kolektiv, baziraju se na taktičkoj proceni, praćenju opterećenja i statusa oporavka igrača, mogu pozitivno uticati na analizu i tumačenje vaterpolo učinka trenerskog osoblja. Cilj ove studije je bio ispitivanje vaterpolo performanse uspostavljanjem ekološkog i višedimenzionalnog pristupa u odnosu na fizičko praćenje i tehničko-taktičkom ocenjivanju vaterpolista. Ovo istraživanje je obuhvatilo poprečne i longitudinalne opservacione dizajne uz primenu upitnika i alata za analizu podudaranja elemenata prostora vaterpolo igre. Prikupljanje podataka odvijalo se u tri faze, elaborirajuči iste u odnosu na četiri različite studije i a za potrebe testiranja pet različitih hipoteza. Prvi deo je bio da se istraži nacionalne vaterpolo trenerske škole, drugi deo je bio da se postigne TSAP instrument, a treći da se prati opterećenje igrača. Kao glavni statistički alati korišćeni su analitičke i osnovne deskriptivne, univarijabilne i multivarijabilne statističke metode. U studiji 1 anketirano je 40 glavnih trenera tri vrhunske nacionalne vaterpolo škole (Italija, Grčka i Srbija) kako bi se identifikovale i uporedile njihove trenerske filozofije i metodologije treninga. Anketa se zasnivala na pet sekcija (Sastav tehničkog osoblja, Spisak tima, Nedeljna periodizacija, Testiranje i praćenje, Taktike i strategije). Uz pomoć detaljne deskriptivne statistike, studija je dala značajne informacije o tome kako 40 visokorangiranih vaterpolo timova različitih nacionalnih šampionata organizuje svoje treninge tokom tipične nedelje takmičarske sezone. Cilj studije 2 bio je da pruži analiza ofanzivnih akcija, pomoću promene metode Procedure za procenu timskog sporta (TSAP) a kod prve četiri plasirane reprezentacije juniorskog uzrasta tokom 20. FINA juniorskog (U20) svetskog prvenstva u vaterpolu. Za analizu je odabrano 29 vaterpolo utakmica u kojima su učestvovale reprezentacije Grčke (n= 7), Srbije (n= 7), Italije (n= 7) i Hrvatske (n= 8). TSAP je uključivao: i) dva indikatora sticanja lopte u posedu; ii) četiri indikatora bacanja (dodavanja i šutiranja) lopte. Koristeći ove indikatore, izračunati su sledeći indeksi tehničkih performansi: Indeks obima performanse (VP), Indeks efikasnosti (EI) i Skor učinka (PS). Teren je bio podeljen na dvanaest zona. Jednosmerna ANOVA nije pokazala statistički značajne razlike između timova za sve parametre (p>0,05), osim što su se za ofanzivne lopte (OB) i uspešne šuteve (SS) desile u određenim zonama terena: za OB značajne razlike su nađene u zoni 1 (p= .019), u zoni 2 (p= .014) i u zoni 5 (p= .007); za SS značajne razlike nađene su u zoni 1 (p= .026) i u zoni 2 (p= .008). Cilj studije 3 je bio da se pomoću istog instrumenta (TSAP) definiše tehnička i taktička analiza ofanzivnih faza u italijanskoj elitnoj seniorskoj vaterpolo ekipi, koja je igrala u šampionatu italijanske Prve lige tokom sezone 2021-22 (19 mečeva). Koristeći iste indikatore studije 2, indeksi obima igre (VP), indeksa efikasnosti (EI) i skor učinka (PS) izračunati su za svakog igrača posebno (n= 15). Analiza višestruke linearne regresije pokazala je značajnu povezanost za igračku poziciju i indekse VP i PS. Konkretno, spoljni (krilni) igrači su pokazali najveći procenat VP (65%) i PS (66%) respektivno. Odbrambeni igrači – centralni bekovi su imali najveći nivo osvojenih lopti (30%), dok su igrači na poziciji centra ostvarili najveći broj isključenja držeći loptu (48%). Studija 4 imala je za cilj da istraži efekte igračke pozicije i kontekstualnih faktora (ishod utakmice, konačna razlika u rezultatu, lokacija meča, trajanje putovanja, broj postignutih i primljenih golova) na unutrašnje opterećenje utakmice, percipirani oporavak igrača i osećaj opšteg zadovoljstva igrača. Session-RPE (s-RPE), percipirana skala oporavka (PRS) i Hooper indeks (HI) 17 muških elitnih vaterpolista praćeni su tokom svih mečeva (regularne sezone i plej-auta) italijanske Serije A1 prvenstva 2021-22 godine..