Toward clima-resilient ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): A survey on high-strength mortars engineered with extra-low dosage graphene-based materials (GBMs)

Latest advances showed that ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) holds the potential to meet the criteria of future civil infrastructures. Several nanofillers (NFs) proved to enhance the performance of UHPC in terms of economic and environmental sustainability and even assigning novel features. Presently, this promising approach is still in its early stage. In this perspective, mortars based on Portland cement CEM I 52.5 N were engineered with extra-low dosage (0.01% by weight of cement) graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) or nanographite (nG). An acrylic superplasticizer for high-strength concrete was used as additive. Fresh properties of the cementitious admixtures were characterized by viscosity measurements, flow table and bleeding tests. Prismatic specimens were hardened in water at room temperature for 28 days. Microstructure was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, the pore structure and specific surface area (SSA) investigated by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements, thermal behavior studied by thermogravimetry, and mechanical strength evaluated by compression and bending tests. Electrical resistivity was determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Both 2D-NFs induced a slight lubricant effect that did not significantly affect neither workability nor bleeding. GNPs do not appreciably impact on the mechanical properties of the hardened nano-engineered materials, a decay of bending strength was observed only for nGloaded samples. The positive impact of the extra-low dosage GNPs on the hardened mortars was clearly detected by MIP and EIS in terms of reduced porosity (-31%), improved bulk density (+5.7%), pore refining (median and average pore diameter -35% and -9%, respectively), increased resistivity (+97%) and lowered predicted intrinsic permeability (-52%). In the same experimental condition, nG-engineered mortars suffered from uneven dispersion that led to increased porosity and pore coarsening