The liability of the carrier for nautical fault and fire in the carriage of goods by sea

Ugovorom o prijevozu stvari morem prijevoznik se obvezuje prevesti stvari morem, a naručitelj prijevoza platiti vozarinu. Jedno od najvažnijih pitanja pravnog uređenja prijevoza stvari morem je odgovornost prijevoznika za štete na stvarima i zakašnjenje. Prilikom prijevoza, teret može biti izložen raznim rizicima. Nautička pogreška i požar na specifičan način su uređeni u međunarodnim konvencijama i Pomorskom zakoniku. Haaško-Visbyska pravila i Pomorski zakonik prepoznaju nautičku pogrešku kao ekskulpacijski razlog, dok novije konvencije – Hamburška i Rotterdamska pravila odstupaju od tog rješenja. S druge strane, požar je također ekskulpacijski razlog prema Haaško-Visbyskim pravilima i Pomorskom zakoniku, dok Hamburška i Rotterdamska pravila propisuju da se za požar, umjesto temeljem pretpostavljene krivnje, odgovara temeljem dokazane krivnje. Pitanje nautičke pogreške jedno je od glavnih razloga zbog čega pravo prijevoza stvari morem nije ozbiljnije reformirano na međunarodnoj razini. Stoga se to pitanje posebno obrađuje u ovom radu.By the contract of the transport of goods by sea, the carrier undertakes to transport the goods by sea, and the customer of the transport pays the freight. One of the most important issues in the legal regulation of the transport of goods by sea is the liability of the carrier for damage to goods and delay. During the transport, the cargo can be exposed to various risks. Nautical fault and fire are regulated in a specific way in international conventions and the Maritime code. The Hague-Visby rules and the Maritime code recognize nautical fault as an exculpatory reason, while more recent conventions – the Hamburg and Rotterdam rules deviate from this solution. On the other hand, fire is also an exculpatory reason under the Hague-Visby rules and the Maritime code, while the Hamburg and Rotterdam rules stipulate that fire, instead of on the basis of presumed guilt, is liable on the basis of proven guilt. The issue of nautical fault is one of the main reasons why the right to transport things by sea has not been more seriously reformed at the international level. Therefore, this issue is specifically addressed in this paper