HEALTH CARE OF PATIENTS AFTER THYROID SURGERY

Štitnjača je endokrina žlijezda smještena na prednjoj strani vrata ispred dušnika. Tvore ju dva režnja u sredini međusobno spojeni suženjem, zbog kojeg žlijezda ima oblik slova H ili leptirovih krila. Izlučuje tri važna hormona za održavanje normalne funkcije organizma, a to su tiroksin, trijodtironin i kalcitonin. Za sintezu ovih hormona potreban je jod koji se hranom unosi u odgovarajućoj količini u organizam. Tiroksin i trijodtironin održavaju bazalni metabolizam, dok kalcitonin regulira razinu kalcija u krvi i njegovo deponiranje u kosti. U dijagnostici bolesti štitnjače koriste se detaljna anamneza i fizikalni pregled, laboratorijske pretrage krvi, ultrazvuk, citološka punkcija, scintigrafija te kompjutorizirana tomografija, magnetska rezonanca i pozitronska emisijska tomografija. U najčešće bolesti štitnjače spadaju guša i novotvorine koje su najčešće indikacije za kirurško liječenje. Kod kirurške obrade tumora odstranjuje se čitav režanj uz obaveznu patohistološku analizu. Dok kod pojave karcinoma, najčešće papilarnog i folikularnog, se radi totalna tireoidektomija. Nakon potpunog odstranjenja tkiva štitnjače pacijenti trebaju uzimati doživotnu terapiju nadomjeske hormona. Medicinska sestra ima veliku ulogu u sprječavanju i na vrijeme uočavanju komplikacija nakon operacije štitne žlijezde. Ona prati bolesnikovo stanje od vremena dolaska na operaciju pa sve do njegovog otpusta kući. Planira i provodi individualno izrađeni plan zdravstvene njege te pruža fizičku i psihičku pomoć pacijentu. Svojim unapređenjem znanja i vještina medicinska sestra teži pružati pacijentu što potpuniju i kvalitetniju zdravstvenu njegu. Edukacijom pacijenta o zdravim životnim navikama te postupnom povratku obavljanja svakodnevnih aktivnosti, medicinska sestra potiče njegovu samostalnost u očuvanju zadovoljavajuće kvalitete života.The thyroid is an endocrine gland located on the anterior strange neck in front of the trachea. It is formed by two lobes in the middle connected by a narrowing, due to which the gland has the shape of the letter H or butterfly wings. It secretes three important hormones to maintain normal body function, namely thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin. Iodine, which is taken into the body in the appropriate amount through food, is needed for the synthesis of these hormones. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine maintain basal metabolism, while calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels and its deposition in bone. In the diagnosis of thyroid disease, a detailed anamnesis and physical examination, laboratory blood tests, ultrasound, cytological puncture, scintigraphy and computed tomography, magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography are used. The most common thyroid diseases include goiter and neoplasms, which are the most common indications for surgical treatment. During surgical treatment of the tumor, the entire lobe is removed with obligatory pathohistological analysis. While with the appearance of cancer, most often papillary and follicular, a total thyroidectomy is performed. After complete removal of thyroid tissue, patients should take lifelong hormone replacement therapy. The nurse has a major role to play in preventing and spotting complications after thyroid surgery. She monitors the patient's condition from the time he arrives for the operation until his discharge home. It plans and implements an individually designed health care plan and provides physical and mental assistance to the patient. By improving her knowledge and skills, the nurse strives to provide the patient with the most complete and high-quality health care. By educating the patient about healthy living habits and the gradual return to performing daily activities, the nurse encourages his independence in maintaining a satisfactory quality of life