PLATO'S ARGUMENTS ON THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL

Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati Platonovo dokazivanje o besmrtnosti duše. Platon je svojim učenjem utjecao na mnoge filozofske škole i na same filozofe, počevši od platonizma, novoplatonizma, pa čak i na kršćanstvo, skolastike, njemački idealizma, Friedricha Nietzschea, Bertranda Russella i ostalih. Prikaz dokazivanja besmrtnosti duše u ovom radu započinje sličnostima indijske kulture sa Platonom. I kod Platona i kod indijske kulture se na tijelo gleda kao na zatvor od kojeg se duša treba osloboditi da bi stigla u blaženstvo. Da bih se dokazala besmrtnost duše, potrebno je prije svega definirati dušu. Dušu se gleda kao jednu od savršenosti, jednu od ideja. Kao jedna savršenost potrebno je prije svega da se ta harmonija nikada ne izgubi na način da se svaki pojedinac za života brine o svojoj duši. Kako bi se brinuo o njoj potrebno je da ne padne u zamke onoga što je lijepo oku vidljivome. Potrebno je distancirati se i suzdržavati se svih “okova” propadljivog života, poput materijalnih stvari, nakita, novca, suzdržavati se svih loših vrlina poput pohlepe, te suzdržavati se seksualnih požuda. Platon navodi da je bitnije kakav je čovjek iznutra, odnosno je li mu duša čista i pravedna, nego li to da li on nosi raskošnu odjeću i nakit. Pretpostavka je da sve što ima početak ima i svoj kraj, te se na taj kraj gleda sa strahom i sa negativnim stavom. Platon navodi da to ne bi trebalo biti tako, te da se na smrt gleda kao na nešto uzvišeno jer je to početak i spasenje za svakog pojedinca. Tijelo će doživjeti svoju smrt i nakon toga se raspasti, ali duša ostaje čitava, te nastavlja svoj put u Had gdje će prema njenim zaslugama biti poslana u sljedeće tijelo na ovozemaljskom životu. Sve ove teze je Platon iznio u svojim dijelima koja su pisana u dijalozima, te bez Platona kao jednog od sugovornika. Uvijek je uzimao Sokrata kao svog predstavnika koji će u njegovo ime iznijeti njegova zapažanja, razmišljanja i shvaćanja. Temeljno djelo za shvaćanje besmrtnosti duše je Fedon, a u ovom radu su još obrađeni i Fedar i Gozba. Zanimljivost kod Platonovih djela je ta što se dijalozi nastavljaju jedan na drugoga, a svaki se u nekom djelu dotakne duše i shvaćanje duše kroz razne aspekte. Na samom kraju su iznesene kritike Platonu i njegovom shvaćaju duše.The aim of this paper is to present Plato's proof of the immortality of the soul. With his teaching, Plato influenced many philosophical schools and the philosophers themselves, starting with Platonism, Neo-Platonism, and even Christianity, scholasticism, German idealism, Friedrich Nietzsche, Bertrand Russell and others. The presentation of proof of the immortality of the soul in this work begins with the similarities of Indian culture with Plato. Both in Plato and in Indian culture, the body is seen as a prison from which the soul must be freed in order to reach bliss. In order to prove the immortality of the soul, it is first necessary to define the soul. The soul is seen as one of the perfections, one of the ideas. As one perfection, it is necessary above all that this harmony is never lost in such a way that each individual takes care of his soul during his lifetime. In order to take care of her, it is necessary not to fall into the traps of what is beautiful to the visible eye. It is necessary to distance yourself and refrain from all the "shackles" of perishable life, such as material things, jewelry, money, refrain from all bad virtues such as greed, and refrain from sexual lust. Plato states that it is more important what a person is like on the inside, that is, whether his soul is pure and righteous, than whether he wears luxurious clothes and jewelry. The assumption is that everything that has a beginning has an end, and that end is looked at with fear and with a negative attitude. Plato states that it should not be like that, and that death is seen as something sublime because it is the beginning and salvation for every individual. The body will experience its death and then disintegrate, but the soul remains whole, and continues its journey to Hades where, according to its merits, it will be sent to the next body in this earthly life. All these theses were presented by Plato in his parts which were written in dialogues, and without Plato as one of the interlocutors. He always took Socrates as his representative who would present his observations, thoughts and understandings on his behalf. The fundamental work for understanding the immortality of the soul is the Phaedo, and this work also covers the Phaedrus and the Feast. The interesting thing about Plato's works is that the dialogues continue one after the other, and each one in some work touches the soul and the understanding of the soul through various aspects. At the very end, criticisms of Plato and his understanding of the soul were presented