Costs of influenza illness¹, by Strategic Advisory Committee of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) target group² and disease severity (outpatient vs. hospitalized), in low- and middle-income countries.

HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ILI, influenza-like illness; LCI, laboratory-confirmed influenza; LIC, low-income country; LMIC, lower-middle income country; NA, not applicable; NR, not reported; P&I, pneumonia and influenza hospitalization; SARI, severe acute respiratory infection; TB, tuberculosis; UMC, underlying medical condition; UMIC, upper-middle income country; US$, US Dollars. 1Median costs were preferentially abstracted from source publications; if unavailable, mean costs were abstracted. 2No cost-of-illness papers were identified for healthcare workers or individuals in congregate living settings in low- and middle-income countries. 3For source publications presenting results for both LCI and syndromic illness, the results for LCI were used. 4Direct costs were all medical and non-medical costs directly attributable to patient care. 5Calculated or converted value; not presented in source publication. 6Indirect costs were all costs not directly attributable to patient care (e.g., lost earnings or lost productivity). 7Direct medical and non-medical costs were summarized separately in the source publication; medians were summed to obtain a total median direct cost. 8China changed classification from LMIC to UMIC in 2010 [24], after the study period, and was thus classified as LMIC for this study. 9No indirect costs were included in the total estimate because of study perspective. The specific payer was not specified in the source publication. 10Kenya changed classification from LIC to LMIC in 2014 [24], during the study period, and was thus classified as LMIC. 11Bangladesh changed classification from LIC to LMIC in 2014 [24], after the study period, and was thus classified as LIC. 12Included only direct medical costs (no non-medical costs). 13Although SAGE recommendations specifically reference children aged 1], publications with data for children aged 14The full publication study period was 2005–2011; however, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 were excluded because of H1N1 pandemic activity. Abstracted values represent the median of 2005–2009 annual values. 15Cost data were only available for 1 hospitalized LCI case; thus, ILI hospitalization costs were abstracted. (DOCX)