Ecological risk assessment of a coastal area using multi-source remote sensing images and in-situ sample data

Healthy coastal area have high ecological service value. However, because of the uncontrolled utilization of marine resources and the discharge of pollutants, the ecological environments of many coastal areas are faced with ecological risks, such as oil spills and Enteromorpha blooms. Therefore, it is of great significance to monitor and assess the ecological risks in coastal areas. The remote sensing technique can be used to obtain frequent and wide-coverage images of the areas of interest, and has become an effective tool to monitor the ecological risks occurring in coastal areas. In this study, taking Jiaozhou Bay in China as the study area, an innovative ecological risk assessment framework was established using multi-source remote sensing images and in-situ sample data, which fully considers the potential harm of oil spills and Enteromorpha blooms on the ecology of the bay. Specifically, the oil spill risk for Jiaozhou Bay from 2017 to 2019 was identified by a deep learning based method from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and the Enteromorpha bloom risk for the corresponding years was identified by a floating algae index (FAI) threshold method from multi-source optical images. Then, using habitat information and ground observation data about the marine species in the bay, environmental vulnerability maps were generated. Finally, a disaster-causing factors and disaster-bearing factors weighted risk assessment model was developed. The risk source monitoring results show that the occurrence frequency of oil spills in Jiaozhou Bay decreased from 2017 to 2019, while the outbreak intensity of Enteromorpha blooms generally became higher. The ecological risk assessment results reveal that the high risk areas of Jiaozhou Bay are mainly around the transportation regions and the ports, with a higher risk degree in the eastern and southern parts. To support our work, the well-trained oil spill detection network model and some information about the oil spill events that have occurred in Jiaozhou Bay are provided in this paper