Karplus Equation for 3JHH Spin−Spin Couplings with Unusual 3J(180°) < 3J(0°) Relationship

Vicinal 3JHH coupling constants for monosubstituted ethane molecules present the unusual relationship 3JHH (180°) < 3JHH (0°) when the substituent contains bonding and antibonding orbitals with strong hyperconjugative interactions involving bond and antibond orbitals of the ethane fragment. This anomalous behavior is studied as a function of the substituent rotation for three model systems (propanal, thiopropanal, and 1-butene) at the B3LYP/TZVP level. The consistency of this level of theory to study this problem is previously established using different ab initio methods and larger basis sets. The origin of the unusual 3JHH(180°) − 3JHH(0°) relationship is attributed to simultaneous σ/π hyperconjugative interactions σCα—Hα → π*Cc═X, and σCα—Cβ → π*Cc═X. These interactions depend on the substituent rotation and their effects are different for 3JHH(180°) than for 3JHH(0°). The modelization carried out shows an increase of those effects as the substituent changes from weaker (CH═CH2) to stronger (CH═S) electron acceptor π*C═X