Educational, institutional and governmental obstacles to protecting water resources from improper agricultural practices in Lebanon

Agriculture is the biggest use of water in Lebanon, a relatively water-rich country in a mostly arid region. Pollution of water resources in Lebanon varies according to region but most is mainly due to sewage discharge and agricultural activities. As with intensive agricultural practices worldwide, the agricultural sector in Lebanon relies heavily on agrochemicals to protect crops and improve their yield. To ensure sustainable agricultural production, proper management of soil and water quality is required. This study aimed to identify obstacles (educational, institutional, regulatory, etc.) hindering the protection of water resources from inappropriate agricultural practices in Lebanon. First, a limited field survey was conducted to determine current farm practices with respect to the farmers’ awareness of the environmental impact of their practices, specifically agrochemical use, and the role of best management practices (BMPs). Second, a review of studies on the impact of agriculture on water resources in Lebanon and a review of current regulations and legislation aimed at controlling environmental degradation were performed. Finally, key barriers to implementing water resources protection measures (e.g. BMPs) were identified and measures to over them recommended