INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND TRADE: ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, MEDICINALS AND BOTANICALS, AND PHARMACEUTICALS

We examine the impact of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on US exports of biological, medicinal, botanical, and pharmaceutical products. We find that: (1) strong IPRs enhance monopoly power of US exports in countries with weak imitative abilities; and (2) strong IPRs expand markets for US exports in countries with strong imitative abilities