An overview of research on the effects of results-based financing

Background: Norway is the lead promoter of results-based financing (RBF) as\ud one of five actions being taken as part of the Global Campaign for the Health\ud Millennium Development Goals and plans to support the use of RBF through\ud the World Bank and in bilateral agreements with selected countries focusing\ud on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing child and\ud maternal mortality (MDG 4 and 5).RBF-schemes can be targeted at different\ud levels: recipients of healthcare, individual providers of healthcare, healthcare\ud facilities, private sector organisations, public sector organisations, sub-national\ud governments, and national governments. • Method: This report consists of an\ud overview of systematic reviews and a critical appraisal of four evaluations of\ud RBF schemes in the health sector in low and middle-income countries (LMIC).\ud Results: • Ten systematic reviews that met the inclusion criteria for this report\ud were summarised. In addition, four evaluations of RBF schemes in LMIC were\ud critically appraised, including fi nancial incentives targeted at patients, individual\ud providers, organisations, and governments.\ud There are few rigorous studies of RBF and overall the evidence of its effects is\ud weak. • Financial incentives targeting recipients of healthcare and individual\ud healthcare professionals appear to be effective in the short run for simple and\ud distinct, well-defi ned behavioural goals. There is less evidence that fi nancial incentives\ud can sustain long-term changes. • The use of RBF in LMIC has commonly\ud been as part of a package that may include increased funding, technical support,\ud training, changes in management, and new information systems. It is not\ud possible to disentangle the effects of RBF and there is very limited quantitative\ud evidence of RBF per se having an effect, other than in the context of conditional\ud cash transfers to poor and disadvantaged groups in Latin America to motivate\ud preventive care