Teacher-centered or Student-centered Teaching Methods and Stu-dent Outcomes in Secondary Schools: Lecture/Discussion and Pro-ject-based Learning/Inquiry Pros and Cons

Teacher-centered approaches, such as direct instruction, can be efficient at delivering information but may not promote deep learning or engagement. Student-centered approaches, like project-based learning and inquiry methods, can foster critical thinking and engagement, but can be more resource-intensive for teachers. Educators and administrators can encourage the use of student-centered approaches by providing professional development and support, promoting collaboration and networking, modeling, and encouraging self-reflection. It is important for teachers to use a variety of teaching methods that facilitate active learning