Environmental Governance in Indonesia

Indonesia faces a tremendous challenge in managing its environment, especially in terms of balancing its development and sustainability agenda. In the contemporary development approaches, it is commonly found in developing countries that rely on intense pressures on land and natural resources, where increasing per-capita income (PCI) is compensated by the depletion of natural resources and environmental deg- radation. Following this approach, after achieving a certain level of human welfare, a turning point will occur whereby the levels of welfare will encourage more discus- sion, interests, and policies implemented by governing actors and sectors toward sustainability. Environmental degradation thus decreases along with increasing PCI (Nurrochmat et al., 2022).1 To realize this scenario, however, good governance is needed