ニンゲン コウドウ セイタイガク 2 ジカン ハイブン ナカイ ケンイチ センセイ タイカン キネン

This article reviews time allocation studies of human populations from the viewpoint of behavioral ecology. Time allocation studies examine how people spend time among the competing activities that sustain people's survival and reproduction. Time allocation models are founded on the basic economic assumptions that time and resources are limited and have alternative uses. Therefore, the principal concepts and models established in microeconomics are used to explain the tradeoffs between the activities that give the maximum fitness benefits to the people. First, this article introduces the models derived from indifference analysis, which determine the optimal time allocated to foraging. These models are designated to reevaluate the original affluence hypothesis. The time allocation patterns and their determinants are analyzed in the light of local ecological settings for horticultural populations in lower Amazon and Papua New Guinea. Hadza children's and grandmothers' foraging patterns may provide new insights and hypotheses to hominid evolution. Reproductive strategies of the Ache males and females with respect to tradeoffs between foraging and childcare. Parental investments among the Ache, Ye'kwana, Yanomamo, and Aka pygmies defined as the time allocated to care, feeding, and nurturing offspring are examined in relation to age-sex and socioeconomic variations in care, parental division of care, the effects on other activities. The issue of mating effort is concerning with the competition of Efe women between the Efe and Lese men and the mate guarding in a Trinidad village