Fine-scale habitat characteristics influence the winter habitat use of swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii) in Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal

Endemic to India and Nepal, the swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii) is crucial for restoring and sustaining populations of top predators like tigers. Despite recent signs of species recovery in protected areas, the species remains vulnerable to extinction due to increasing anthropogenic activities. Information on factors influencing the occurrence of swamp deer is essential to formulate suitable management plans that can help to maintain their viable population and protect their habitats. We recorded swamp deer presence via direct sightings and indirect signs (pellets and footprints) through line transect surveys. Two ecological drivers i.e., habitat variables and disturbance variables that included eleven predictor variables were measured in the field where swamp deer was present ("used plots") and absent ("habitat availability plot"). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with the probability of detecting the swamp deer. The model's outcomes showed that an increase in road/path/fireline distance and settlement distance, mixed forest habitat, and depth of leaf litter were positively correlated with the probability of locating swamp deer, while the other significant predictor variables (canopy cover, distance from water source, and presence of predator) had inverse relationships. In summary, our study has provided crucial insights into the factors influencing the presence of swamp deer in their habitat. These findings are useful for local governments and protected area authorities by providing fine-scale field-based scientific information, that can benefit swamp deer and its habitat. We also recommend similar studies in species range locations considering other influencing factors such as season, climate, interaction with other herbivore species, and predators that might affect the habitat use of swamp deer.Peer reviewe