Behavioral results.

(A) Category report accuracy during pre- and post-sleep cued-recall tasks. For pre- and post-sleep cued recall performance, regardless of being tested or not before sleep, whether they were cued or not during sleep TMR, the category report accuracies were significantly above chance (i.e., 0.25, all ps t(29) = 9.85, pFWER t(29) = 13.67, pFWER F(1,29) = 0.15, p = 0.700) nor a significant main effect of TMR (cued vs. uncued, F(1,29) = 0.11, p = 0.739). In addition, for pre-sleep tested items, there was no significant TMR (cued vs. uncued) by time (pre-sleep vs. post-sleep) interaction effect (F(1,29) = 0.11, p = 0.745). (B) Subjective remembering during pre- and post-sleep cued-recall tasks. Subjective remembering was quantified by the ratio of trials that participants reported “remember” during the cued-recall test regardless of the following category report accuracy. The results found that subjective remembering for the tested items in the post-sleep test was greater than that in the pre-sleep test, as well as greater than the untested items in the post-sleep test, irrespective of TMR cueing (Both psFWER ps t(29) = 3.80, pFWER = 0.002). (C) Recognition accuracy. Recognition accuracy for tested items in the pre-sleep test was significantly greater than that for the untested items in the post-sleep test (t(29) = 3.13, pFWER = 0.012). However, there was no significant difference in the accuracy between tested items in the pre-sleep test and the post-sleep test, nor between tested and untested items in the post-sleep test (pFWER > 0.192). Further analyses revealed no significant TMR by pre-sleep testing interaction effect in the post-sleep test, nor a significant TMR by time interaction effect for tested items (ps > 0.350). (D) Recognition d-prime. The d-prime values for tested items in both the pre-sleep and post-sleep tests were significantly higher than untested items (all psFWER d-prime values for tested items were greater in the pre-sleep test than in the post-sleep test (pFWER ps > 0.116). (E) No significant difference was found between the reactivation time for the psychomotor vigilance tasks that were performed before encoding on the pre-sleep night and 30 min post-sleep sleep on the next morning (t(29) = −1.84, p = 0.075). *: p p S1 Data. (TIF)