Partnerships: its importance in the development of Iraq

This doctoral thesis comprehensively examines the multifaceted challenges faced by Iraq in its ongoing post-war reconstruction and development phase after the US invasion in 2003. A significant impediment to progress lies in the pervasive lack of robust infrastructure and efficient delivery of essential services across diverse sectors. These issues long preceded the US invasion as the Iraqi Government has endeavoured to engage the private sector since the 1950s to meet the escalating demands for public services and infrastructure. However, the role of the private sector in Iraq continued to be unstable due to the ever-evolving policies pursued by successive governments. Notably, the enactment of the agrarian reforms law in 1958 disrupted the social and economic fabric of Iraq, resulting in the nationalization of the economy and the subsequent exclusion of the private sector from its crucial role in development. Consequently, the responsibility for managing and operating the Iraqi economy has predominantly rested with the public sector, while the private sector continues to grapple with challenges, including inadequate legal frameworks, regulations, infrastructure, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. This prevailing structure has led to substandard service delivery, encompassing inadequate water and sanitation facilities, unreliable electricity supply, and limited access to healthcare and education. Despite experiencing intermittent periods of economic and social prosperity between 1966 and 1990, Iraq's heavy dependence on oil exports as the primary source of income has impeded sustained economic growth and overall development.To address these complex challenges, this study advocates a collaborative partnership framework approach that fosters concerted efforts between public and private entities in developing critical infrastructure and enhancing service delivery. Drawing on extensive research and analysis, the findings of this study underscore the transformative potential of partnership frameworks in attracting domestic and foreign investment, enhancing the quality of infrastructure, and optimizing service delivery efficiency. Accordingly, the thesis presents a set of evidence-based recommendations for Iraqi policymakers to establish an enabling environment that supports the successful implementation of partnership frameworks. Key factors include cultivating and sustaining strong political will, fostering effective governance structures that encourage transparency and accountability, and allocating sufficient financial and human resources for implementation. Moreover, the thesis underscores the urgent need for a more coherent and effective constitutional framework that promotes equitable governance and revenue sharing between the central government and regional authorities. By addressing these fundamental constitutional issues, Iraq can effectively navigate conflicts, nurture social cohesion, and accelerate economic integration. Building on historical precedents, such as the successful implementation of a framework akin to the Development Board established in the 1950s, which oversaw the execution of infrastructure and service projects that continue to benefit society today, the thesis elucidates best practices for advancing development through partnership models in Iraq.This doctoral research contributes to the scholarly discourse on development strategies and policy implementation in post-conflict settings. By shedding light on the intricate challenges impeding Iraq's development trajectory, the study provides policymakers, academics, and practitioners with valuable insights into the role of collaborative partnerships and effective governance in driving sustainable economic growth and social progress. Ultimately, this thesis aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of the potential of partnership frameworks as catalysts for development and to guide Iraq in charting a path towards inclusive and resilient development