Buildability modeling of 3D-printed concrete including printing deviation: a stochastic analysis

Owing to the formwork-free construction, 3D concrete printing shows great prospects in construction industry. However, this manner also results in non-verified geometric precision, which is prone to generate uncontrolled printing deviations between the actual and designed print paths. To include this in buildability modeling, a process-dependent stochastic method is proposed based on the characteristics of the 3D printing process. Then, a stochastic analysis procedure is developed by Monte Carlo simulation and verified by the 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) cylinder test. Finally, the verified method is applied to the stochastic analysis of 3DPC buildability modeling. By studying two structural shapes and four correlation times, a clear understanding of the influence of printing deviation as well as guidances for the design of 3D printing process are obtained.Financial supports from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (Grant No. CEX2018-000797-S), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52078361) and the Shanghai Science and Technology Plan projects (Grant No. 21DZ1203403) are greatly appreciated.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft