International Centre for Language and Communicative Development: Training Children’s Understanding of False Belief with Different Types of Complement Clauses, 2014-2020

This training study was conducted to investigate whether children’s understanding of false belief can be improved by exposing them to (1) first-person complements (e.g. “I said that it was a rabbit”) (2) third-person complements (e.g. “He said that it was a rabbit”), and/or (3) simple language (“It wasn’t a rabbit”) in different play scenarios (e.g. looking at peephole books). Children were tested in one of three training conditions. Before and during the 5 training sessions, we also measured their executive functioning, their general language skills, their comprehension and repetition of complement clauses, and their understanding of mental verbs with first and third-person subjects (e.g.,”I think vs. “I know”; “he thinks” vs “he knows”) to check if any of these factors explain their improvement in false-belief understanding or whether they would interact with training. Files: LuCiD_WP8_S2_Abbreviations.xlsx This file explains all abbreviations and variables used in the csv files and R scripts included and listed below. LuCiD_WP8_S2_All.csv This file contains all raw data in short format used to analyse which predictor variables and different training conditions affect children’s improvement in false belief (EFB.cha.all). LuCiD_WP8_S2_EFB.csv This file is in long format to illustrate children’s performance in each false belief tests (i.e. contents self, contents other, identity self, identity other, location self).The International Centre for Language and Communicative Development (LuCiD) will bring about a transformation in our understanding of how children learn to communicate, and deliver the crucial information needed to design effective interventions in child healthcare, communicative development and early years education. Learning to use language to communicate is hugely important for society. Failure to develop language and communication skills at the right age is a major predictor of educational and social inequality in later life. To tackle this problem, we need to know the answers to a number of questions: How do children learn language from what they see and hear? What do measures of children's brain activity tell us about what they know? and How do differences between children and differences in their environments affect how children learn to talk? Answering these questions is a major challenge for researchers. LuCiD will bring together researchers from a wide range of different backgrounds to address this challenge. The LuCiD Centre will be based in the North West of England and will coordinate five streams of research in the UK and abroad. It will use multiple methods to address central issues, create new technology products, and communicate evidence-based information directly to other researchers and to parents, practitioners and policy-makers. LuCiD's RESEARCH AGENDA will address four key questions in language and communicative development: 1) ENVIRONMENT: How do children combine the different kinds of information that they see and hear to learn language? 2) KNOWLEDGE: How do children learn the word meanings and grammatical categories of their language? 3) COMMUNICATION: How do children learn to use their language to communicate effectively? 4) VARIATION: How do children learn languages with different structures and in different cultural environments? The fifth stream, the LANGUAGE 0-5 PROJECT, will connect the other four streams. It will follow 80 English learning children from 6 months to 5 years, studying how and why some children's language development is different from others. A key feature of this project is that the children will take part in studies within the other four streams. This will enable us to build a complete picture of language development from the very beginning through to school readiness. Applying different methods to study children's language development will constrain the types of explanations that can be proposed, helping us create much more accurate theories of language development. We will observe and record children in natural interaction as well as studying their language in more controlled experiments, using behavioural measures and correlations with brain activity (EEG). Transcripts of children's language and interaction will be analysed and used to model how these two are related using powerful computer algorithms. LuciD's TECHNOLOGY AGENDA will develop new multi-method approaches and create new technology products for researchers, healthcare and education professionals. We will build a 'big data' management and sharing system to make all our data freely available; create a toolkit of software (LANGUAGE RESEARCHER'S TOOLKIT) so that researchers can analyse speech more easily and more accurately; and develop a smartphone app (the BABYTALK APP) that will allow parents, researchers and practitioners to monitor, assess and promote children's language development. With the help of six IMPACT CHAMPIONS, LuCiD's COMMUNICATIONS AGENDA will ensure that parents know how they can best help their children learn to talk, and give healthcare and education professionals and policy-makers the information they need to create intervention programmes that are firmly rooted in the latest research findings.