Lean production and Industry 4.0: Strategy/management or technique/implementation? A systematic literature review

Lean production and Industry 4.0 are two concepts that have been studied in recent years, focusing mainly on the relationship that exist between them. Several authors state that lean manufacturing cannot be efficient without the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to understand how these concepts can be implemented in a company. Results show that the academic research is divided between two different clusters: (1) strategic/managerial and (2) techniques/implementation