The transparency in contract of consumer

Dottorato di ricerca in Diritto dei contratti pubblici e privatiLa prima parte dello studio è dedicata all’analisi dell’evoluzione della trasparenza. L’assunto è che la trasparenza del contratto serve a proteggere il consumatore nel momento in cui egli cerca di comprendere il signifcato delle clausole. La trasparenza va posta su di un piano diverso dall’interpretazione. La prima riguarda il consumatore-contraente, la seconda un terzo soggetto, che interpreta appunto. Così si comprende che l’art. 35 cod. cons. contiene due norme, al primo comma quella sulla trasparenza, al secondo comma una norma sull’intepretazione. Dalla mancanza di trasparenza deriva soprattutto un obbligo risarcitorio da parte del professionista. L’ultima parte del lavoro analizza la trasparenza nelle disposizioni dei settori bancario, finanziario e assicurativo. La conclusione è che si può predicare l’esistenza di un principio di settore e che la norma può essere estesa, mediante l’impiego dell’analogia, a quei casi in cui ad un soggetto, professionista in senso stretto, ne sta davanti uno che compie un atto estraneo alla sua professione (anche quando questi non abbia la qualifica di consumatore in senso stretto).The initial part of this study will be dedicated to the analysis of the evolution of the transparency. The idea is that it’s possible to consider a “theory of transparency”, in which is essential pose in a correct prospective the problem. The firsts results of my study conduct me to think that the transparency protect the consumer in the moment in which he unscrambles a clause. Although transparency and interpretation constitute knowledge problems, they regard different subjects: transparency regards the consumer (or the adhering party), whilst interpretation is an operation conduct by a third part, the interpreter. In this context we can say that transparency and interpretation have different subjective and objective application. In this way is possible pass to the second part of the thesis, it regards in particular the article 35 Italian Consumer Code, that comprehends two rules: the first about transparency, the second about interpretation (“interpretation contra proferentem”). Is necessary focus only on the first, and try to understand exactly the meaning of the diction “elements are identified in a clear and comprehensible manner” (art. 35, c. 1., Italian Consumer Code). Is important considered that article 35 has introduced in Italian Legal System the transparency criteria, as intended in the European Directive 13/93. The article 5.1 of the Directive states that: “In the case of contracts terms offered to the consumer are in writing, these terms must always be drafted in plain, intelligible language”. Is possible suppose that the article seems to impose a general duty of transparency on the party who predisposed the clauses in written form.The other part of the study has to identify which consequence can derive from a clause that is not clear or comprehensible. The question which should be posed is: what should be the effect of a such lack of transparency? The article 35 (Italia Cons. Cod.) does not contain a mention of a specific remedy. Finally the analysis is on the emersion of the rule of transparency in financial, banking and insurance sector. It can ben stated that there is a principle of transparency applicable sometimes also to the business transactions