Experimental Study on Seismic Response of Underground Tunnel–Soil–Piled Structure Interaction Using Shaking Table in Loose Sand

The seismic response of structures can have a significant impact on adjacent structures’ response. Although several numerical studies have been applied in the field of tunnel–soil–pile interaction systems, there is a lack of experimental research specifically focused on the effects of this interaction on tunnel cross-section deformation and the existence of structure on encircling soil response. In this study, shaking table tests were conducted to examine the seismic response of a tunnel and the surrounding soil when an eight-story structure with piles was located in the vicinity of the tunnel. Four series of physical models were analyzed, including free-field soil (S), tunnel–soil (TS), soil-piled structure (SP), and tunnel–soil-piled structure (TSP), under sinusoidal vibration at three frequencies on loose sand. According to the results, the tunnel significantly impacts the surrounding soil response during seismic excitation with reduced acceleration at the tunnel invert and increased acceleration at the tunnel crown. In the TSP model, applied frequency affects the recorded acceleration amplitude at the tunnel invert. Although acceleration amplitude decreases at 3 Hz frequency excitation compared to the free field model, 8 Hz excitation resulted in bigger values in tunnel invert. Displacements are higher at the tunnel crown, indicating tunnel-induced soil deformation and maximum shear strain concentrated near the tunnel crown. The tunnel cross-section exhibited oval shape changes, with higher forces on the tunnel crown in the presence of piles