Evacuation modeling in an existing apartment building

V magistrskem delu na podlagi izračunov skupnega evakuacijskega časa analiziramo vpliv produktov gorenja ter fizičnih karakteristik uporabnikov in njihovih vedenjskih vzorcev na varen umik v simuliranem požarnem dogodku. V prvem delu magistrskega dela so povzete teoretične osnove, ki predstavljajo izhodišče za izvedbo eksperimentalnega dela. Predstavljene so požarne nevarnosti visokih večstanovanjskih stavb, osnove projektiranja požarne varnosti ter računalniško modeliranje požarnih in evakuacijskih scenarijev. V magistrskem delu obravnavamo obstoječo visoko večstanovanjsko stavbo. Parametre uporabnikov obravnavane stavbe definiramo na podlagi spola in razdelitve v starostne skupine, katerim definiramo višino, širino ramenskega premera in hitrost gibanja. V eksperimentalnem delu izvedemo računalniško simulacijo požarnega scenarija v dveh višinskih nivojih stavbe. Nadaljujemo z modeliranjem evakuacijskih scenarijev, v katere vključimo tudi rezultate računalniške simulacije požarnega scenarija. Temu sledi prikaz, ki je ponazorjen z diagrami oz. 3D vizualizacijo, in razlaga izhodnih podatkov eksperimentalnega dela. Pri izvedbi eksperimentalnega dela izhajamo iz postavljenih treh hipotez magistrskega dela. Z izvedbo računalniške simulacije požarnega scenarija v dveh višinskih nivojih stavbe in modeliranjem evakuacijskih scenarijev dve hipotezi potrdimo in eno ovržemo. Z izvedbo modeliranja evakuacije ugotovimo, da klasifikacija obravnavane stavbe, v kateri uporabniki prespijo in so po stanovanjskih enotah razdeljeni v skupine s tesnimi socialnimi vezmi, vpliva na skupni čas varnega umika. Pri primerjavi rezultatov modeliranja individualne in skupinske evakuacije uporabnikov posamezne stanovanjske enote v slednjem modeliranju zaznamo daljše skupne čase umika iz stavbe. To lahko pripišemo načinu gibanja uporabnikov, ki se drug od druga ne oddaljujejo in s tem vplivajo na gostoto uporabnikov v prostoru, kot tudi prilagajanju hitrosti najpočasnejšemu pripadniku skupine. Nadalje smo potrdili, da stopnja požarne zaščite stavbe, ki jo ovrednotimo z določitvijo časa pred začetkom umika, signifikantno vpliva na skupni čas za varen umik iz stavbe. Pri izvedbi simulacije je skupni čas za varen umik iz stavbe za več kot enkrat daljši v primeru neustreznega delovanja sistema za javljanje in alarmiranje oz. v primeru, da sistem v stavbi ni vgrajen v primerjavi z ustrezno delujočim sistemom za javljanje in alarmiranje. Kot zadnje smo ovrgli hipotezo, da je je v primeru simulacije požarnega dogodka v 4. nadstropju skupni čas za varen umik daljši za faktor 1,2 v primerjavi s simuliranim požarnim scenarijem v 11. nadstropju. Z izvedbo evakuacijskih scenarijev smo potrdili, da je skupni čas za varen umik daljši, če simuliramo požarni scenarij v 4. nadstropju, vendar za manjšo vrednost kot smo predvideli s hipotezo, in sicer za največ 15%. Glede na eksperimentalne rezultate požarnih in evakuacijskih scenarijev smo predlagali ukrepe, ki temeljijo na trenutno veljavnih smernicah in raziskovalnih ugotovitvah. Predlagani ukrepi vključujejo vgradnjo povezanih dimnih javljalnikov v stopniščni jašek in stanovanjske enote, delno razdelitev stavbe v požarne sektorje ter redno izvajanje praktičnega usposabljanja za izvajanje evakuacije iz stavbe ob požaru. Ukrepe ravno tako smiselno časovno in cenovno ovrednotimo.In this thesis, based on the calculations of the total evacuation time, we analyze the impact of combustion products and the physical characteristics of the building users and their behavioral patterns on the safe egress time in a fire event. The first part of the thesis summarizes the theoretical foundations that represent the starting point for the experimental work. In this part the fire hazards of high-rise apartment buildings, the basics of fire safety design and computer modeling of fire and evacuation scenarios are presented. In the thesis, we consider an existing high-rise apartment building. The parameters of the users of the building in question are defined based on gender and are divided into age groups, to which we define height, shoulder width and speed of movement. In the experimental part, we perform a computer simulation of a fire scenario in two height levels of the building. We continue with the modeling of evacuation scenarios, in which we also include the results of the computer simulation of the fire scenario. This is followed by a presentation, which is illustrated with diagrams or a 3D visualization and interpretation of the output data of the experimental work. In carrying out the experimental work, we proceed from the three hypotheses of our thesis. By performing a computer simulation of a fire scenario in two levels of the building and modeling evacuation scenarios, we confirm two out of three hypotheses. By carrying out evacuation modeling, we find that the classification of the considered building, in which the users sleep and are divided by housing units into groups with close social ties, affects the total time of safe egress. When comparing the results of modeling individual and group evacuations of the users of an individual residential unit, we notice longer total times of egress for groups. This can be attributed to the way users move, as they do not move far from each other and thus affect the density of users in the room, as well as to the adjustment of speed to the slowest member of the group. We further confirmed that the level of fire protection of the building, which is evaluated by determining the time before the start of egress, significantly affects the total time for a safe egress from the building. When performing the simulation, the total time for a safe egress from the building is twice as long in the case of an inadequate working reporting and alarming system, or in the event that the system is not installed in the building at all compared to a properly functioning notification and alarm system. Finally, we refuted the hypothesis that in the case of a simulated fire event on the 4th floor, the total time for a safe retreat is longer by a factor of 1.2 compared to the simulated fire scenario on the 11th floor. By carrying out the evacuation scenarios, we confirmed that the total time for a safe retreat is longer if we simulate a fire scenario on the 4th floor, but by a smaller value than predicted by the hypothesis, namely by a maximum of 15%. Based on the experimental results of fire and evacuation scenarios, we have proposed measures based on currently valid guidelines and research findings. The proposed measures include the installation of connected smoke detectors in the stairwell and residential units, the partial division of the building into fire sectors, and the implementation of regular practical training for conducting evacuation from the building in the event of a fire. The measures are then sensibly evaluated in terms of time and price