Occupational therapy treatment of children and adolescents who have experienced psychological trauma

Uvod: Travma je čustven odziv posameznika na pretresljiv dogodek, kot je nesreča, posilstvo ali naravna katastrofa. Osebe, ki so doživele travmo, lahko doživijo motnje pri izvajanju vsakodnevnih aktivnostih, zato delovni terapevt kot član multidisciplinarnega tima pomaga posameznikom, da se ponovno vključijo v okupacije, ki so jim pomembne in posledično zmanjšajo vpliv travme. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kaj je že znanega o delovnoterapevtski obravnavi otrok in mladostnikov, ki so doživeli psihološko travmo ali imajo diagnosticirano posttravmatsko stresno motnjo. Metode dela: Za izvedbo diplomskega dela je bil uporabljen pregled literature. Iskanje člankov je potekalo s pomočjo Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani v naslednjih podatkovnih bazah: Chinal, PubMed in Web of Science. Za iskanje je bila uporabljena kombinacija različnih ključnih besed v angleškem jeziku, ki so naslavljale delovno terapijo, otroke in mladostnike ter travmo. V analizo smo vključili strokovne ali znanstveni članke, dostopne v celotnem besedilu ter objavljene v angleškem jeziku med letoma 2013 in 2023 na področju delovnoterapevtske obravnave otrok in mladostnikov, ki so doživeli psihološko travmo. Rezultati: V končno analizo smo vključili 13 člankov. Večina jih je bila objavljenih v delovnoterapevtskih revijah, trije članki pa v revijah iz področja družinskega nasilja in področja otrok in mladostnikov, ki so bili izpostavljeni travmi. V raziskavah sta bila kot največkrat uporabljena delovnoterapevtska pristopa multidisciplinaren pristop in senzorna integracija. Razprava in zaključek: Področje delovne terapije pri obravnavi otrok in mladostnikov, ki so doživeli travmo in imajo kot posledico diagnosticirano posttravmatsko stresno motnjo, je še vedno precej neraziskano. Delovna terapija obravnava senzorne in razvojne pomanjkljivosti otrok in mladostnikov, ki so doživeli travmo. Uporablja se več pristopov in ocenjevalnih instrumentov. Najbolj uporabljen je senzorno-integrativni pristop s poudarkom na senzorni modulaciji in učenju motoričnih spretnosti ter uporaba vizualnih orodij s pomočjo večstopenjske lestvice za ocenjevanje in prepoznavanje lastnih čustev. Pri izdelavi individualiziranega načrta za obravnavo je ključnega pomena evalvacija, saj lahko le tako zagotovimo zadovoljevanje vseh potreb otroka in mladostnika. Področje potrebuje dodatno raziskovanje z vidika razumevanja vloge delovne terapije.Introduction: Trauma is an emotional response of an individual to a distressing event, such as an accident, sexual assault, or a natural disaster. Individuals who have experienced trauma may encounter difficulties in performing daily activities. Therefore, occupational therapists, as members of a multidisciplinary team, assist individuals in reintegrating into activities that are meaningful to them, consequently reducing the impact of trauma. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to determine what is already known in the field of occupational therapy about intervention for children and adolescents who have experienced psychological trauma or have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Methods: For the implementation of this thesis, a literature review was conducted. Article searches were performed using the Digital Library of the University of Ljubljana in the following databases: Chinal, PubMed, and Web of Science. The search utilized a combination of various English keywords related to occupational therapy, children and adolescents, and trauma. The analysis included professional or scientific articles, available in full text and published in the English language, between the years 2013 and 2023 in the field of occupational therapy intervention for children and adolescents who have experienced psychological trauma. Results: In the final analysis, we included 13 articles. Most of them were published in occupational therapy journals, while three articles were from journals related to family violence and the field of children and adolescents exposed to traumatic experiences. In the research, the most commonly used occupational therapy approaches were a multidisciplinary approach and sensory-integration. Discussion and conclusion: The field of occupational therapy in the treatment of children and adolescents who have experienced trauma and have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder is still relatively under-researched. Occupational therapy addresses sensory and developmental deficits in children and adolescents who have experienced trauma. Various approaches and assessment tools are used, with the most commonly used one being the sensory integration approach, focusing on sensory modulation and motor skill learning, as well as the use of visual tools with the help of a multi-level scale for assessing and recognizing one\u27s own emotions. In the development of an individualized treatment plan, evaluation is crucial, as it ensures the fulfillment of all the child\u27s and adolescent\u27s needs. This field requires further research to better understand the role of occupational therapy