Tooth, root, and canal anatomy

Knowledge of root and canal morphology is a prerequisite for successful endodontic treatment. The external and internal morphological features of roots are variable and complex. Current advancements in non-destructive digital image systems, such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), allow detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses of root and canal morphology. This growing body of knowledge has paved the way for revising several historical concepts and introducing new perspectives for more accurate descriptions of root and canal morphology in teaching, research, and clinical practice. This chapter aims to provide an update on the application of a new system for classifying root and canal morphology, accessory canals, and anomalies, to discuss anatomy of the root apex and apical foramen, and to present the growing body of knowledge on root and canal morphology in all tooth types