Virtual screening of acyclovir derivatives as potential antiviral agents: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new acyclic nucleoside protides

Following our findings on the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of acyclovir (ACV) phosphate prodrugs, we herein report the ProTide approach applied to a series of acyclic nucleosides aimed at the identification of novel and selective antiviral, in particular anti-HIV agents. Acyclic nucleoside analogues used in this study were identified through a virtual screening using HIV-reverse transcriptase (RT), adenylate/guanylate kinase, and human DNA polymerase γ. A total of 39 new phosphate prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated against HIV-1 (in vitro and ex vivo human tonsillar tissue system) and human herpes viruses. Several ProTide compounds showed substantial potency against HIV-1 at low micromolar range while the parent nucleosides were not effective. Also, pronounced inhibition of herpesvirus replication was observed. A carboxypeptidase-mediated hydrolysis study was performed for a selection of compounds to assess the formation of putative metabolites and support the biological activity observed