Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions [Letter]
- Wyrowski, F.
- van der Tak, F.
- Herpin, F.
- Baudry, A.
- Bontemps, S.
- Chavarria, L.
- Frieswijk, W.
- Jacq, T.
- Marseille, M.
- Shipman, R.
- van Dishoeck, E. F.
- Benz, A. O.
- Caselli, P.
- Hogerheijde, M. R.
- Johnstone, D.
- Liseau, R.
- Bachiller, R.
- Benedettini, M.
- Bergin, E.
- Bjerkeli, P.
- Blake, G.
- Braine, J.
- Bruderer, S.
- Cernicharo, J.
- Codella, C.
- Daniel, F.
- di Giorgio, A. M.
- Dominik, C.
- Doty, S. D.
- Encrenaz, P.
- Fich, M.
- Fuente, A.
- Giannini, T.
- Goicoechea, J. R.
- de Graauw, Th.
- Helmich, F.
- Herczeg, G. J.
- Jorgensen, J. K.
- Kristensen, L. E.
- Larsson, B.
- Lis, D.
- McCoey, C.
- Melnick, G.
- Nisini, B.
- Olberg, M.
- Parise, Berengere
- Pearson, J. C.
- Plume, R.
- Risacher, C.
- Santiago, J.
- Saraceno, P.
- Tafalla, M.
- van Kempen, T. A.
- Visser, R.
- Wampfler, S.
- Yildiz, U. A.
- Black, J. H.
- Falgarone, E.
- Gerin, M.
- Roelfsema, P.
- Dieleman, P.
- Beintema, D.
- De Jonge, A.
- Whyborn, N.
- Stutzki, J.
- Ossenkopf, V.
DOIAbstract
Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+. Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2O+ are found in the range of 1012 to a few 1013 cm-2....
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