Further empirical analysis of the time series properties of financial ratios based on a panel data approach

A new panel unit root by Chang (Journal of Econometrics, 110, 261–92, 2002) is employed on a set of financial ratios with a view to improving the power of unit root tests when applied to a relatively small number of observations (in the present case 38 annual observations). The test is innovative in that it allows for cross-sectional dependencies and the asymptotic distribution of the test is standard. Although standard Dickey–Fuller tests suggest that individual financial ratio series are nonstationary, panel unit root tests strongly reject the null hypothesis of a joint unit root in the ratios. Taken together the evidence from the proposed new analysis implies strong persistence in the ratios but that their characterization as I(1) processes may be misleading. These findings have important implications for accounting and finance researchers who employ financial ratios as explanatory variables