Patients' perceptions of caring behaviors at referral hospitals in Ethiopia : A cross-sectional survey

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors and to identify factors associated with these perceptions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at three referral hospitals in Ethiopia. A consecutive sample of male and female patients (n = 652, response rate 98.8%) was interviewed using the Amharic version of the Caring Behaviors Inventory-16 (CBI-16, including four subscales: Assurance, Knowledge and skill, Respectful, and Connectedness) and the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (PSI). Socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with perceptions of caring behaviors were identified using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors were high (total Mean = 4.86, SD = 0.72). Be-haviors related to the Assurance subscale were rated the highest. The multiple linear regression analysis result showed several socio-demographic and clinical factors statistically significantly associated with patients' perceptions of caring behaviors (total mean scores). Patients who were 40-49 years (B = -0.19, P = 0.012) and single (B = -0.13, P = 0.03) scored lower on total CBI-16 scores. Whereas, patients who had a higher educational level (B = 0.35, P = 0.001), cared for at surgery units (B = 0.11, P = 0.027), and reported having spent more time with a nurse in the past 8-h shift (B = 0.16, P < 0.001) were more likely to have higher perceptions of the care they received. The CBI-16 was positively correlated with satis-faction with received care, as measured with the Patient Satisfaction Instrument (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Hospitalized patients in Ethiopia have overall high perceptions of nurse caring behaviors, especially with regard to physical-based caring, while their expectations of emotional-focused care are lower. We identified patients who were in need of care, patients aged 40-49 years and single. The time spent with nurses plays a pivotal role in patients' perceptions of nurse caring behaviors