Micromorphology of the lower Pleistocene loess in the Iranian Loess Plateau and its paleoclimatic implications

The loess deposits in Iran are a valuable archive of regional paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental information. Extensive sedimentological and chronological studies have been carried out on the middle to upper Pleistocene loess successions during the past decades, but there is an absence of comparable research in the older loess deposits. Recently, a 19-m-thick loess-paleosol sequence was discovered in the central Iranian Loess Plateau (ILP), which was paleomagnetically-dated to ∼2.4–1.8 Ma and thus represents by far the oldest loess known in northern Iran. Here, we present the results of a detailed micromorphological investigation of these lower Pleistocene loess-paleosol sequences (“red sequence”) from the ILP. Our main findings are as follows: 1) The Agh Band red sequence deposits are an extremely thick soil complex comprising paleosols in different stages of development; 2) the micromorphological index of soil development (MISECA) suggests that the moderately- and well-developed paleosols in the red sequence formed in an environment with mean annual precipitation ranging from around 450 to 650 mm, respectively; and 3) MISECA suggests that the red sequence formed under a semi-arid to sub-humid climate and thus under wetter and more favorable conditions than the overlying late Pleistocene loess and modern soils