Fig 1 -

Host-parasitoid food webs in different tree ages of oil palm: (a) 3 years (n = 3 plots), (b) 6 years (n = 3 plots), and (c) 10 years (n = 3 plots). For each web, the lower bars (LL) represent host (lepidopteran pests) abundance, and the upper bars (HL) represent parasitoid abundance, drawn at different scales. Linkage width indicates the frequency of each trophic interaction. Some species of lepidopteran pests that were not parasitized by parasitoid wasps are not shown in the bars.