Interrelations between initial levels of, and changes in coercive parenting and child externalizing behavior.

Note. Coefficients are standardized parameters. Similar to maternal coercive parenting and child externalizing behavior, a latent factor was created for paternal coercive parenting using observed indicators, but these are not shown for clarity of presentation. Residual variances of parallel items were allowed to correlate between T1 and T2. Coercive M = maternal coercive parenting. Coercive F = paternal coercive parenting. ip11 = parenting time 1, indicator 1; ie11 = externalizing behavior time 1, indicator 1, etc. * p p p < .001.