Conditions of enhanced evaporation for nanofluids droplet and inhibition of coffee-ring effect under buoyancy and Marangoni convection

Evaporation of nanofluid droplets whose size is larger than capillary length is common in industrial processes, but there is currently a lack of research on the evaporation kinetics and more complex deposition patterns under the combined effects of buoyancy and Marangoni convection of large evaporating droplet. Experimental investigations on evaporation of Al2O3-H2O nanofluid sessile droplet with initial contact line diameter of 4 mm on heating PTFE coating substrate are reported. The variation in contact angle, contact radius, and droplet volume over time under different conditions were obtained through experiments. The average evaporation rate is calculated. Internal flow characteristics are inferred through the surface temperature distribution detected by the top view infrared camera. The constant contact radius mode takes place at the beginning of evaporation. Then mixed evaporation mode and stick slip mode may occur for different substrate temperature, nanoparticle mass concentration and nanoparticle size. Increasing nanoparticle size causes a decrease in average evaporation rate. Whether the use of nanofluids can improve evaporation rate and heat transfer or not depends on multiple factors. Convection cells exist, and three kinds of deposition patterns are formed due to the underlying coupled transport phenomena. Under the combined effect of buoyancy and Marangoni convection in this article, the most common coffee-ring pattern does not appear. The deposition patterns are directly affected by the pinning stability, which decrease at higher temperature