Laboratory-scale investigation on the role of microalgae towards a sustainable treatment of real municipal wastewater

Abstract Engineered microalgal-bacteria consortia are an attractive solution towards a low-cost and sustainable wastewater treatment that does not rely on artificial mechanical aeration. In the research conducted for this study, a bench-scale photo-sequencing-batch reactor (PSBR) was operated without external aeration. A spontaneous consortium of microalgae and bacteria was developed in the PSBR at a concentration of 0.8–1.7 g TSS/L. The PSBR ensured removal efficiency of 85 ± 8% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 98 ± 2% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Nitrogen balance revealed that the main mechanisms for TKN removal was autotrophic nitrification, while N assimilation and denitrification accounted for 4% and 56%, respectively. The development of dense microalgae–bacteria bioflocs resulted in good settleability with average effluent concentration of 16 mgTSS/L. The ammonium removal rate was 2.9 mgN L−1 h−1, which corresponded to 2.4 mgN gTSS−1 h−1. Although this specific ammonium removal rate is similar to activated sludge, the volumetric rate is lower due to the limited total suspended solids (TSS) concentration (three times less than activated sludge). Therefore, the PSBR footprint appears less competitive than activated sludge. However, ammonium was completely removed without artificial aeration, resulting in a very cost-effective process. Only 50% of phosphorus was removed, suggesting that further research on P uptake is needed