Innovation and Educational Subject

1. Human being has progressed in every place of the world. Especially in advanced nations, scientific and technological developments changed their social structures, and replaced old authority with new technology. Max Weber expressed as "Rationalisierung" and "Säkularisierung". At present, science and technology are developing more and more, they are becoming an ideology and containing political governing power. Herbert Marcuse called it "technische Vernunft". 2. Traditional society, one period of human history, has three characteristics distinguishable from the former and the next societies. 1. centralization of administrative power 2. dismemberment of social-economic classes 3. central conception of the world (mythology, religion and metaphysics) The productive power has developed by device of manufacturring arts and division of labor. But however much productive power developed, it cannot threaten their legitimate conception of the world. 3. In capitalistic society, productive power, which was based on modern science and technology, has enormously developed, and rational thinking spread into socio-economic structure and changed it rationally. Corresponding with this movement, old mythology and religion lost their position in the society, replaced old conceptions of the world with new ones. That was the ethics of Protestantism. The lower structure controlled the upper structure of society by the principle of "equivalent exchange". 4. At the post-capitalistic society, state intervention began to control free economical process. Planned compensation replaced old free economy by a lower social welfare, an assurance of labor market and a guarantee of safety income. State intervention lost a practical object and assumed a negative attitude in its politics. The nation, in the present state of affairs, lives in "above-political" attitude. 5. Since 1875, interdependence of science and technology has made science and technology the first productive powers. Marx's theory of labor value turned out ineffective. But on the other side, human behaviors are becoming uniform, standardized and equalized according to technological patterns. 6. Now, man adapts himself actively to the socio-economic field, but adapts himself passively to human understanding and valuable life. At present the educational subject needs democratic discussion and philosophical, critical faculties