Formation of Landscape and Territory in a Sichuan Village, Southwestern Mainland China

本稿では,中国四川省成都市近郊の-村落を対象に,解放前から現在における各時期の社会空間体系の変遷,村境(村落領域)の画定状況,景観変遷の実態とその規定主体･要因を明らかにした.当該地域の基礎社会は,解放前は院子,集団化期は生産隊,改革開放後は生産隊を継承した村民小組であった.散居の基礎単位でもあった院子は,実質的には同族的な小村であった.成都盆地の社会空間体系は歴史的に流動性が特徴であるが,基礎社会レベルでは主に微地形がその境界基準となり,村境は集団化の過程で属人的要素を基礎として画定された.また,景観変化の規定要因は,国家の政治体制変化,区や鎖の政策,人口増加と経済水準上昇であり,景観維持の規定要因は,微地形と民俗思想(風水思想)の存続である.This paper analyzes the formation of landscape and territory in a Sichuan village, in the southeastern part of Chengdu city area. Changes in the territory of the basic units of the society and the landscape were examined in the following three periods: I) before Liberation (1912-1949); II) the Maoist period (l949-1978); and III) after the Deng reforms (1978-). The three following conclusions were reached. First, in rural Chengdu basin, administrative and economic units have been reformed frequently. The basic units of the society during the each period were: 1) yuanzi lineage; II) production team; and III) zu community. Before the Deng reforms, jeng-shui (Chinese folk geography) was represented in the village space which consists mainly of yuanzi compounds, farmlands on the hills, the river, lanes, and graves. Sichuan villages have been composed of flexible combinations of yuanzi, not dispersed settlements as believed in previous studies. Second, the actual situation and people's cognition of the village territory in the each period were as follows: I) actual or cognitive boundaries were not found before Liberation; II) actual boundaries were formed in the process of establishing collective ownership, partially based on landform, while cognitive ones were formed by collective labor in agriculture during the Maoist period; and III) actual boundaries were fully recognized by the generation who experienced peoples' communes in the Maoist period, while partially perceived by only some younger people who cultivate the periphery. Third, the factors in landscape changes were: changes in political ideology, for example, the Communist revolution, the Cultural Revolution, and the Deng reforms, embodied in the use of farmlands and ponds, construction of collective agricultural facilities, and destruction of temples and a lineage tomb; the reorganization of local governments after the Deng reforms, realized in the construction of irrigation canals, fruit gardens, concrete houses, and a bridge; and growth of population and economy, reflected in the transition of settlement form from yuanzi compounds to concrete houses in agglomerations. The factors in landscape continuity were: persistent elements such as land lots and lanes; and the survival of traditional folk beliefs throughout these periods, represented by graves and a tomb