A Cluster Analysis of the Fishery Households' Strategies of Subsistence in Prewar Japan: Nii Village on the Tango Peninsula

本稿では､これまでの複合生業論と漁村の生業分析をより精激化させるために､一漁村集落(ムラ)における複合生業形態の歴史的変遷と､集落内部の戸別(イエ)の生業形態の差異について､計量分析を試みた｡事例は､丹後半島の定置網漁村､京都府伊根にい町新井である｡ まず､鮒の定置網が導入された明治末期以降を､大正期､昭和初期､戦後から高度成長期､高度成長期後から現在まで､という四つの時期に区分し、集落レベルでの複合生業形態の歴史的変遷を明らかにした｡その結果､大正期から現在に至るまで､漸進的に漁業へと特化していく過程がおおよそ認められた｡しかしながら､昭和初期に限っては､恐慌などの影響から商品経済が特に不安定であり､農業･漁業･副業の比重が最も均等に近く､戸別の生計戦略が表れやすい時期であったことが判明した｡ そこで次に､この昭和初期に注目し､集落の戸別の生業形態を類型化するために､区有文書の税務関連データにもとづき､クラスター分析を行った｡その結果､経済階層の上層で四つ､中層で二つ､下層で二つという､計八類型に区分された｡すなわち上層は､｢公務員十農業型｣､｢農漁業+出稼型｣､｢船員+出稼型｣､｢農業+多角型｣である｡また中層は､｢漁夫+多角型｣､｢農業型｣である｡さらに下層は､｢出稼+船異型｣､｢零細多角型｣である｡さらにこの八類型は､経済階層や時代の特殊性を考慮せずにより一般化した場合、次の三類型に集約された。すなわち､農業特化型､漁業特化型､副業特化型である｡ 新井の住民は､少なくとも明治末期から高度成長期に至るまでは､程度の差はあれ､｢漁民｣というよりはむしろ、｢共同体的規制をうけた小資本家的かつ季節労働者的な多角経営型農民｣であった｡そして最もその性格がよく表れたのか､昭和初期であったといえる｡住民は､このような各時期における一定の資源的･社会的な制約条件と地域的な経済変動のもとで､利益の最大化を目指す生計戦略を採用してきたと考えられる。This paper discusses the historical changes in multiple livelihoods as well as types of subsistence strategies of households in a fixed-net fishing village on the Tango Peninsula, western Japan, focusing mainly on the period prior to World War II. The author analyzed historical documents kept in the Nii fishery village and complemented them by interviews with aged residents. The paper focuses on the village's income derived from such livelihoods as agriculture, fishing and side jobs during the following four periods: the Taisho era (1912-1926), the early Showa era (1926-1945), the postwar period (1945-1973), and the period following high economic growth (from 1973 on). Through these perio(ls, the amount of fishing income accounted for about sixty to seventy percent of the total income in the village, except for in the early Showa era. During this era, which was heavily influenced by the Showa Agricultural Collapse and a poor fishery catch for the peninsula, both sericulture and fishing income fell by half. To overcome these difficulties, villagers tried many side jobs, for which the share of income increased to over twenty percent. This situation in the early Showa era shows most clearly the households' strategies for survival in modern fishery villages. The cluster analysis of a tax register classifies the households' subsistence strategies in this era into eight types. The higher income class can be divided into the following four types: A) a local official with farming; B) farming and fishing with seasonal labor migrants; C) boat crew work and seasonal labor migrants; and D) farming with diversified jobs. The middle income households can be classified into two types as follows: E) employed fisherman with diversified jobs and F) full-time farming. The lower income class is also divided into two types: G) seasonal labor migrant with boat crew work arid H) petty diversified subsistence. Results of the study show that residents of every household in Nii have attempted to adopt maximum benefit strategies under both economic and natural handicapped conditions in the village as well as over the entire Tango Peninsula