PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN IPS BERBASIS TPACK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

IPS (Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial) merupakan salah satu mata pelajaran yang disajikan sejak tingkat sekolah dasar. Beberapa permasalahan pembelajaran muncul pada pembelajaran IPS di sekolah dasar. Penggunaan media pembelajaran berbasis teknologi masih jarang dikembangkan oleh guru. Tujuan penelitian adalah (1) Mengembangkan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK berdasarkan kondisi, permasalahan dan kebutuhan siswa. (2) Mengembangkan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berfikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar. (3) Menghasilkan media konseptual pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar, (4) Memperoleh data kelayakan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar, dan (5) Memperoleh data uji keefektifan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dalam meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa sekolah dasar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan Model ADDIE. Tahapan pada model ADDIE yaitu: (1) Analisis (Analysis); (2) Perancangan model (Design); (3) Pengembangan (Development); (4) Penerapan (Implementation); dan (5) Evaluasi (Evaluation). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV yang berjumlah 170 siswa terdiri dari 103 siswa di SD Muhammadiyah 5 dan 67 siswa di SD Muhammadiyah 24. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi lembar angket validasi ahli dan praktisi, pedoman wawancara, lembar observasi, lembar angket kemampuan berpikir kritis, dan tes. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Paired Sample T-Test dan Uji N-Gain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Proses pembelajaran IPS cenderung menekankan pada penguasaan materi pelajaran sehingga suasana belajar bersifat monoton dan tidak memberikan kesempatan kepada siswa untuk aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran; (2) Desain pengembangan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK berisi materi, audio, permainan, latihan, animasi yang mampu menarik perhatian siswa seperti terdapat warna-warna cerah; (3) Hasil validasi ahli menunjukkan kategori sangat valid, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran; (4) Hasil penerapan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK mampu meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa, siswa sangat tertarik dengan media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK dan berdasarkan hasil penilaian praktisi menunjukkan media sangat praktis digunakan di dalam pembelajaran; (5) Uji hipotesis menunjukan terdapat pengaruh, uji N-Gain menunjukan media efektif untuk meningkatakan keterampilan berpikir kritis serta respon guru menunjukan sangat praktis dan respon siswa media sangat menarik digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Manfaat media pembelajaran IPS berbasis TPACK sangat baik untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kriris siswa sekolah dasar. Kata Kunci: Kemampuan Berpikir Kristis; Media Pembelajaran; Pembelajaran IPS; TPACK The subject of IPS (Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial) or also known as social science is one of the subjects presented at the elementary school. There are several learning problems that appeared in social science subject at the elementary school. The integration of technology-based learning media remains relatively underdeveloped among educators. The objectives of the research were (1) Developing TPACK-based social science subject learning media based on student conditions, problems, and needs. (2) Developing TPACK-based social science learning media in improving critical thinking skills of elementary school students. (3) The development of instructional media for conceptual learning in the social science subject with a focus on TPACK-based to enhance critical thinking skills among primary school students. (4) Conducting a study to assess the validity of the TPACK-based instructional media for IPS in improving critical thinking skills among elementary school children. (5) Obtaining tests to evaluate the effectiveness of TPACK-based IPS instructional media in enhancing critical thinking skills among primary school students. The research methodology used in this study was a Research and Development (R&D) utilizing the ADDIE design. The ADDIE design consisted of five distinct stages: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The population in this study were grade IV students totaling 170 students consisting of 103 students at SD Muhammadiyah 5 and 67 students at SD Muhammadiyah 24. The instruments used in this study included expert and practitioner validation questionnaires, interview guidelines, observation sheets, critical thinking ability questionnaires, and tests. The data analysis technique used Paired Sample T-Test and N-Gain Test. The finding showed that (1) The social studies learning process tended to emphasize the mastery of subject matter so that the learning atmosphere was monotonous and did not provide opportunities for students to be active in learning activities; (2) The TPACK-based development of social studies learning media incorporated many elements such as material, audio, games, exercises, and animations, which were designed to capture students' attention through the use of vibrant colors; (3) The results of expert validation showed a very valid category. Therefore, it can be concluded that TPACK-based social studies learning media was suitable for implementation in classrooms; (4) The utilization of TPACK-based social studies learning media was found to enhance students' critical thinking abilities. Students demonstrated a high level of engagement with TPACK-based social studies learning media, and assessments conducted by practitioners indicated that the media was highly practical for educational purposes; (5) The results of hypothesis testing indicated the presence of an influence. The N-Gain test demonstrated that media was effective in enhancing critical thinking skills. Additionally, teacher responses suggested that media was highly practical, while student responses indicated a strong interest in utilizing media for educational purposes. The utilization of TPACK-based social studies learning media had significant advantages in enhancing the critical thinking abilities of elementary school students. Keywords: Critical Thinking Skills; Learning Media; Social Science Learning; TPAC