PROPAGATION MECHANISMS IN URBAN AREAS

Ovaj rad temeljito istražuje ključne faktore koji imaju velik utjecaj na propagaciju elektromagnetskih valova u složenim urbanim okruženjima. Fokusirajući se na elektromagnetske valove kao nositelje signala u komunikaciji, rad analizira koncept polarizacije elektromagnetskog vala, istražuje njegovu važnost u kontekstu propagacije te istražuje različite fenomene poput refleksije, refrakcije, transmisije koji proizlaze iz procesa širenja vala. Također se proučava uloga i karakteristike propagacije antena te se dublje ulazi u osnovne mehanizme prostiranja elektromagnetskih valova preko različitih površina i iznad prepreka. Specifičnosti širenja radio valova unutar gusto naseljenih urbanih područja također su predmet istraživanja, posebice kada je riječ o apsorpcijskim gubicima i pojavi višestaznog širenja. Analizom tih fenomena, ovaj rad pomaže razumjeti složene izazove koji se pojavljuju pri komunikaciji u urbanim okruženjima. U svrhu boljeg razumijevanja ovih fenomena, analiziraju se i razrađuju dva važna propagacijska modela: Okumura-Hata model i Cost-231-Hata model. Kroz analizu ovih aspekata, ovaj rad pruža sveobuhvatan uvid u različite mehanizme propagacije elektromagnetskih valova unutar složenih urbanih okruženja. Propagacijski modeli kao što su Okumura-Hata i Cost-231- Hata modeli značajno doprinose pravilnom planiranju i optimizaciji komunikacijskih sustava unutar zahtjevnih urbanih okruženja. Uzimajući u obzir promjenjive čimbenike širenja signala, ovi modeli postaju ključni alati za osiguravanje stabilne komunikacije i kvalitete signala unutar urbanog okruženjaThis bachelor's thesis thoroughly investigates the key factors that have a major impact on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in complex urban environments. Focusing on electromagnetic waves as carriers of signals in communication, the paper analyzes the concept of electromagnetic wave polarization, investigates its importance in the context of propagation, and investigates various phenomena such as reflection, refraction and transmission that are resulting from the process of wave propagation. The role and characteristics of the propagation of antennas are also studied, just as the basic mechanisms of propagation of electromagnetic waves over different surfaces and over obstacles, which is explored in depth. The specifics of radio wave propagation within densely populated urban areas are also the subject of research, especially when it comes to absorption losses and the occurrence of multipath propagation. By analyzing these phenomena, this paper helps to understand the complex challenges that arise when it comes to communicating in urban environments. In order to better understand these phenomena, two important propagation models are analyzed: the Okumura-Hata model and the Cost-231-Hata model. Through the analysis of these aspects, this paper provides a comprehensive insight into the various mechanisms of electromagnetic wave propagation within complex urban environments. Propagation models such as OkumuraHata and Cost-231-Hata models contribute significantly to the proper planning and optimization of communication systems within demanding urban environments. Taking into account the changing factors of signal propagation, these models become key tools for ensuring stable communication and signal quality within urban environment