The effect of polyploidy on the phenotype and stress response of Arabidopsis species

Poliploidiju označava posjedovanje više od dva cjelovita seta kromosoma. Poliploidi se mogu svrstati u autopoliploide i alopoliploide, a nastaju uslijed multiplikacije cijelog genoma. Neopoliploidi i prirodni poliploidi vrsta roda Arabidopsis, a posebno poliploidi Arabidopsis thaliana, pokazali su se kao izvrsni modelni organizmi za istraživanje utjecaja poliploidije na fiziologiju stanice, ali i biljke u cjelini. Poliploidi imaju veće stanice i organe, koji ponekad imaju i promijenjenu morfologiju. Iako su stanice poliploida veće, njihov ukupni broj nije uvijek jednak broju stanica u diploida zbog poteškoća u staničnoj diobi koje uzrokuje više setova kromosoma. Stanice poliploida imaju promijenjenu debljinu i sastav stanične stijenke, ali također pokazuju promijenjenu ekspresiju gena u odnosu na diploide što im je omogućilo bolju prilagodbu na abiotički stres i druge okolišne uvjete. Utjecaj poliploidije na morfologiju i prilagodbu na stresne uvjete našao je svoju primjenu u uzgoju biljaka jer poliploidizacija povećava ukupni prinos i biomasu usjeva.Polyploidy is described by having more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Polyploids can be classified as autopolyploids or allopolyploids, and they arise as a result of the multiplication of the entire genome. Neopolyploids and natural polyploids of Arabidopsis species, and especially Arabidopsis thaliana polyploids, have proven to be an excellent model for researching the influence of polyploidy on cell physiology and the plant as a whole. Polyploids have larger cells and organs, which sometimes also have changed morphology. Although polyploid cells are larger, their number is not always the same as in diploids due to difficulties in cell division caused by multiple sets of chromosomes. Polyploid cells have altered cell wall thickness and composition, but they also exhibit altered gene expression compared to diploids, which leads to better adaptation of polyploid plants to abiotic stress and other environmental conditions. The influence of polyploidy on morphology and stress tolerance has found its application in plant breeding because polyploidization increases the total yield and biomass of crops