Criminal offenses and midemeanours under the law of preventing disorders at sports competitions

U diplomskom radu raspravlja se o problemu huliganizma na športskim natjecanjima, ponajprije na nogometnim utakmicama. Prvo se opisuje pojam huliganizma, njegovi najčešći počinitelji, te povijesni razvoj. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na najpoznatije slučajeve huliganizma u svijetu i Republici Hrvatskoj, uz kratki osvrt na situaciju s huliganizmom u Engleskoj. U drugom dijelu rada navode se pravne mjere usmjerene na sprječavanje huliganizma, a posebno one sadržane u Zakonu o sprječavanju nereda na športskim natjecanjima, kao temeljnom pravnom propisu iz te materije. S osvrtom na zakonske odredbe detaljno se opisuju protupravna ponašanja. Analiziraju se četiri kaznena djela sadržana u Zakonu, koja su uvedena izmjenama Zakona iz 2011. godine: sudjelovanje u tučnjavi ili napadu na gledatelje ili druge osobe, organiziranje nasilja na športskim natjecanjima, uništavanje stvari ili imovine na športskom natjecanju, te nepoštivanje mjera i zabrana. Drugi dio analize protupravnih ponašanja obuhvaća prekršaje propisane Zakonom. Zakon prekršaje dijeli u različite kategorije, ovisno o svojstvu osoba koje ih mogu počiniti. Prvu kategoriju čine prekršaji gledatelja koji se mogu podijeliti na lakše i teže. Analizirajući prekršaje gledatelja, u radu je obrađeno nekoliko presuda domaćih sudova. Druge kategorije predstavljaju prekršaji organizatora športskog natjecanja, vlasnika ili korisnika športskog objekta, te redara. U završnom dijelu rada navode se najvažniji međunarodni propisi kojima se regulira huliganizam, uz poseban osvrt na Europsku konvenciju o nasilju i nedoličnom ponašanju gledatelja na sportskim priredbama, posebno na nogometnim utakmicama. Na kraju rada opisuju se četiri presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava koji je odlučivao o pravima i slobodama pojedinaca u domeni huliganizma.This thesis addresses the issue of hooliganism at sporting events, primarily focusing on football matches. It starts by defining the concept of hooliganism, its most common perpetrators, and its historical development. Special emphasis is placed on the most notable cases of hooliganism worldwide and in the Republic of Croatia, with a brief overview of the hooliganism situation in England. In the second part of the work, legal measures aimed at preventing hooliganism are outlined, especially those contained in the Law on the Prevention of Disorder at Sports Events, as the fundamental legal framework in this area. Unlawful behaviors are described in detail with a focus on legal provisions. An analysis is conducted on four criminal offenses outlined in the Law, which were introduced through amendments in 2011: participation in brawls or attacks on spectators or other individuals, organizing violence at sports events, destruction of property or belongings at sports competitions, and non-compliance with measures and prohibitions. The second part of the analysis covers misdemeanours specified by the Law. Misdemeanours are categorized depending on the characteristics of the individuals who may commit them. The first category includes misdemeanours by spectators, which can be further divided into minor and major offenses. Several judgments from domestic courts regarding spectator misdemeanours are discussed in the thesis. The other categories include misdemeanours by the organizers of sports events, owners or users of sports facilities, and security personnel. In the concluding part of the thesis, the most important international regulations governing hooliganism are listed, with a special focus on the European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events, and in particular at football matches. Finally, the thesis describes four judgments from the European Court of Human Rights, which ruled on the rights and freedoms of individuals in the field of hooliganism