The mastery of the oil exploration and production techniques has been an essential condition for the development of the French oil industry. Starting from this assumption, this PhD dissertation explains how the innovation process and the workers’ training programs had fostered the expansion of the national oil sector between the creation of the Compagnie française des pétroles in 1924 and the consolidation of Total group in 2003. At the end of World War II, the inauguration of a new national oil exploration program led to the discovery of oil reservoirs in the Sahara and in other regions of the French Empire. In this context, a new technical élite had to ensure the exploitation of these sources on energy: the chercheurs d’or noir. Trained i...