Climate variability strongly impacts our lives in many ways. The observed growth in global temperatures, forced by anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions, has experienced of period of hiatus between 1998 and 2012. Causes at the origin of such a sequence are subject to intensive scientific controversies, notably concerning the relative roles of climate variability intrinsic to the climate system and external radiative forcings. In order to address this questions, it is necessary to better understand decadal modes of variability resulting from the global scale organisation of the climate system. However, the only 150 years of instrumental observations are not enough to rigorously caractérise their nature, variability and dynamics.This thesi...