There are many challenges concerning the energetic sector and that implies the development of energy-efficient processes and the use of renewable biomasses. This thesis falls within this problematic by studying more specifically the hydrothermal liquefaction process (HTL) of microalgae. This thermochemical process converts wet biomasses under pressure, at 300 °C and during 5 to 60 min to produce a high energy content bio-oil, usable, after refining, as biofuel. One of the main objective of this thesis is to understand the link between the algal biomass composition and the HTL products. Indeed, the high protein and pigments content in microalgae implies nitrogen compounds in bio-oil, which are difficult to remove and which decrease bio-oil q...