Asuhan Keperawatan Pola Napas Tidak Efektif Pada Pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronis (PPOK) dengan Pemberian Diafragma Breathing Exercise di Instalasi Gawat Darurat

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airflow obstruction, especially during expiration, and has a slow progressive nature (worsening over time). It is caused by exposure to risk factors such as smoking and indoor or outdoor air pollution. One evidence-based management approach to reduce dyspnea in patients with COPD is the use of diaphragmatic breathing exercise. Objective: To reduce dyspnea in patients with ineffective breathing pattern and provide a reference for the Emergency Department and relevant hospitals in implementing the initial standard operating procedure (SOP) for the provision of diaphragmatic breathing exercise in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Method: The study used a case study involving patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) experiencing ineffective breathing patterns and described the outcomes based on nursing care. Results: Based on the interventions performed in the provision of care for both patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and ineffective breathing pattern, the evaluation revealed that the breathing pattern became effective again, as indicated by a reduction in dyspnea. Conclusion: Implementing diaphragmatic breathing exercises resulted in an effective breathing pattern indicated by reduced dyspne