Evaluating potential ferality among diastatic Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Funding Information: This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) grants UIDB/04378/2020 (UCIBIO) and LA/P/0140/2020 (i4HB). Funding Information: We thank Sérgio Romão and the staff of 8 a Colina, a Portuguese craft brewery, for their assistance during the isolation of beer yeast contaminants. This work was carried out with support of INCD funded by FCT and FEDER under project 22153-01/SAICT/2016. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The AuthorsCertain lineages of the wine, beer and bread yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have diastatic activity. They contain the chimeric gene STA1 that codes for an extracellular glucoamylase which enables the strains to degrade starch and dextrins. Beer contaminations by diastatic yeasts can be dangerous because they can cause super-attenuation due to the consumption of otherwise non-fermentable oligosaccharides, gushing and off-flavours. Given that diastatic yeasts can be used for beer fermentation it is important to understand the relationship between production and contaminant strains, their natural reservoirs and entry routes into the brewery. Here, we analyze real cases of contamination in a Portuguese craft brewery over a period of 18 months. By analyzing with whole genome sequencing several contaminants, we show that recurrent contaminations by diastatic yeasts are caused by environmental strains. Moreover, some beer contaminants were closely related to diastatic environmental strains isolated in Botswana. We observed the widespread presence of domestication signatures in diastatic strains. Moreover, the combined phylogeny of STA1 and its ancestor, SGA1, suggested a single STA1 origin, as ancient as the entire lineage of diastatic yeasts. Together, our results suggest that diastatic yeasts isolated in natural settings could be escaping from domestication settings and becoming feral.publishersversionpublishe